The first lunar month is a holy month. It's called Chothrul Dawa or the Month of Miracles. Lord Buddha is believed to have performed different miracles in the first 15 days of the month to augment the spiritual merit of his disciples. In Bhutan, the holy month is observed by banning the sale of meat. Such government decisions to save life, I gather, is not new to Bhutan. The following decree of Trongsa Ponlop from a book I just finished translating makes it abundantly clear. Gongsar Jigme Namgyal, the father of the first King of Bhutan, issued the decree in the Female Rabbit year of 1885, two years after he became Trongsa Ponlop.
Shri
Karma Vajra Guru Yey! To the people of the east of Southern Land – from this
side of Pelela, north of Kheng Bhadey and Kher Kher on the southern foothills,
south of Tshampa and Tawang [Arunachal Pradesh] on the Tibetan border; all the
areas under the control of Chotse Ponlop. Dzongnyer Lezin, lamas and lopons, representatives, nyerpas, garp tozen [the lowest-ranking attendants], khochey ponchen [religious aristocrats], all chieftains, common people, religious
figures, monks, soothsayers and astrologers, yoginis, hunters and fishermen,
cowherds and shepherds, travellers and traders, wanderers, and children – bear
this in mind.
According
to all sutra and tantra texts containing the teachings of Lord Buddha, taking life
carries the biggest sin among all non-virtuous deeds. Those who are inclined to
take life will be reborn, soon after the moment of death, in the hell realms
where they will be scorched in a burning iron chamber and their bodies cut into a
hundred pieces by different weapons. Each day, they are killed between a
hundred and a thousand times and revived for so many times. They undergo such
suffering for several aeons.
If
they are reborn as pretas [yi dwags],
they suffer from hunger and thirst, and if born as animals, they suffer
endlessly from servitude and being slaughtered. Even if they are reborn as
humans, they will be afflicted with many diseases and will have a short life.
They will die in the mother’s womb or right after birth. Should they escape
death at this stage, they will be killed by weapons, lightning or hailstone, or
meet their end falling off a cliff.
Refraining
from taking life for even one day prevents one from being born in times of
epidemics and war, averts sudden death, removes obstacles, and prevents
diseases leading to a long, happy and peaceful life.
There
are accounts of Gyalpo Jampai Tob, Lha Tshangpa [Lord Brahma], Lha Jajin [Lord
Indra] and Songtsen Gampo averting degenerated times and reviving the golden
era [bskal pa bzang po] through institution of laws based on ten godly virtuous
deeds. Learned personalities and treasure discoverers have said with one voice
that the people of Bhutan suffered from conflicts and diseases because of their
unbridled proclivity for killing.
From
now on, as long as the teachings of the Buddha flourish, whoever dwells in this
land shall refrain from doing harm to any form of life, including humans and
domestic animals, birds and wild animals, fish and other aquatic creatures
thriving in the rivers and streams, insects and flies living on land, cliffs
and trees. No human or non-human shall do them any harm.
Manslaughter
in particular carries the heaviest punishment. Involuntary manslaughter is
punishable by phampi tungwa [a category of sin that brings worst consequences] and voluntary manslaughter is punishable by death sentence.
Premeditated robbery along footpaths, killing over women and out of
intoxication, killing not in the interest of dharma and sentient beings, serving poison, abortion by using musk
and dye by prostitutes and nuns, foeticide – all of these shall
be deemed to be an act of murder. Upon confirming the acts after investigation,
individuals guilty of these acts, irrespective of wealth and reputation, shall
be consigned to fire or river along with their victims. These acts shall not be
pardoned.
Inflicting
injury using assault weapons and purchase, sale and production of poison shall
pay by having their hands chopped off. Courtiers who travel to the villages
shall not be allowed to order the slaughter of chicken and pigs for their
consumption or kill these animals by stoning and bludgeoning. They shall not be
allowed to harass women and girls and take them as brides only to demand money
later from villagers through deception and manipulation. No one shall be
allowed to take any advantage of the villagers. Courtiers on official
assignments shall strictly conduct themselves within the limits stipulated by
the letter of assignment. Should there be courtiers misbehaving, village
chieftains and elders should remind them to conduct themselves better. If they
failed to take heed of the reminder, villagers can join force to deal with them
physically. The authorities will not take offence. Even killing some
intractable courtiers in the process shall be pardoned provided that the
authorities are kept informed about it. However, if the villagers put a
courtier to death without enough justification, the act shall be punishable.
Catching
innocent fish is a big sin. It will result in one being reborn in the hell
realm where one will be forced to swallow molten iron. No one shall catch even
fingerlings from rivers and streams in the entire Zhongar region, including
Kuri Shongmed and Menmo Sheri Murung areas. Whoever poisons water bodies for
fish, whoever makes and owns fishing nets or snares, whoever blocks migration
paths of fish and damages their breeding grounds shall have his hands cut off.
Except when building bridges or embankments, digging water channels, and
collecting fire wood by riverside, no one shall, after crossing a river, come
back and play in the river or by the banks.
From
the first day of the third month to the end of the tenth month, no one shall
destroy hives of any kind of bee for honey and nests of all kinds of wasps for
larvae. Those who do not heed this rule shall pay with their hands. No one shall
commit the above crime on the pretext of collecting abandoned or fallen
beehives and wasp nests.
Forest
fire, not excepting one accidentally caused by agricultural activities like
shifting cultivation, is prohibited. Not a tiny patch of forest shall be set on
fire intentionally.
Besides
those harming humans, domestic animals, and crops, no wild animal living on
forest resources shall be hunted down using hounds or bow and arrows. One
guilty of this offence shall lose his hands.
Apart
from unavoidable and unintentional killing while working or walking, no one –
not even children – shall kill insects, flies, frogs, and worms in sport.
Killing
all kinds of birds, including fowls like the blood pheasant and the monal
pheasant, using snares and building barricades shall be a punishable offence.
One’s own domestic animals can be killed only according to the demands of
cultural norms like periodic rituals, travel needs, and reciprocal visits.
After raising them like one’s own children and employing them like servants,
benevolent animals that provide our needs such as milk and fur shall not be put
to death and their body parts traded for cereals, dyes, cotton, and textile.
This offence shall lead to the loss of hands.
For
propitiation rituals for deities, guardians and spirits, meat offering shall be
limited to pork once in a year. Regular meat offerings shall be limited to
dried meat, besides eggs and cash. And for the purpose of offerings, even if a piglet
or a chick is sacrificed, hands shall be cut off as punishment.
Oracles,
astrologers, mediums, shamans and yoginis shall, out of avarice, not practise
harmful occult religions and speak of the need to sacrifice animals. Any such
practitioner, who makes a slightest mention of animal sacrifice, shall have his
or her mouth slit vertically.
Dzongpons
should make copies of this decree and distribute them to the following with
detailed explanation and guidance: lamas and lopons, representatives, keepers of dzongs, supervisors, bridge controllers and low-ranking garps, chojes, khoche and ponchen, chieftains, religious figures,
ordinary people, traders and travellers, cowherds and shepherds, cowherds of Bumthang, hunters and fishermen, bird hunters, and innocent children. Moreover,
village chieftains should remind the masses in general and following
individuals in particular about the decree, frequently, every month:
Soothsayers, astrologers, shaman, jomo,
yoginis, mediums, bridge controllers, hunters, fishermen, bird hunters, cattle
herders, shepherds, wandering children, travellers, traders, and cattle herders
of Bumthang. If those who are responsible for giving directives do not do
their job, their mouths shall be slit vertically. If people do not take serious
note of their directives and fail to live up to them (directives), their ears
shall be cut off from the base. If some go against the directives clandestinely
pretending not to have heard about them, they shall meet their end. If dzongpons concerned do not execute the
directives properly and in full measure, they shall lose their post.
We
call upon eight groups of guardian deities, namely Chamdrel Maning Nagpo,
Legoen Tragshed Sogdued, Drangsong Za, Tshangpa, Chabjug, Wangchuk, and Jajin
to take ownership of the directives and punish anyone who fails to abide by
them. We also call upon local deities such as Lhamo Remitey, Jangi Duepa and
retinue, three manifestations of Leshin, Jomo Tshogtshong, and Dahungpa to
follow suit. If these deities failed to exercise their might soon enough, let
the displeasure and wrath of Pal Heruka (yab-yum) and Sangdag Thrinley Khachab
befall them. Those who can write, make as many copies of the letter as you can.
Keep it in each village, understand the content and follow it. All the people,
big and small, bear this in mind!
Issued
from Chokhor Rabtentse [Trongsa Dzong] on an auspicious day of the tenth month
of the Wood Rabbit year. Bidza Haram!